The essay “High Growth Rate in Population is Adversely Affecting Our Economic Progress” is asked in the PMS Ministerial 2019 essay paper and has been published on the CSSPrepForum website, a trusted resource for competitive exam preparation. Ensuring the highest academic standards, this essay has been critically examined and refined by Sir Syed Kazim Ali, a distinguished mentor in CSS and PMS English essay and precis writing. With a track record of unparalleled student success, he guarantees that every piece on CSSPrepForum serves as a valuable asset for aspirants.

In-Depth Essay Summary

The essay “High Growth Rate in Population is Adversely Affecting our Economic Progress” examines the negative consequences of rapid population growth on Pakistan’s economic development. It argues that while population expansion is often seen as a sign of national strength, an excessively high growth rate can overwhelm economic resources, hinder progress, and exacerbate social challenges. The essay suggests that unchecked population growth leads to economic stagnation by straining savings, increasing government expenditures, inflating import bills, and reducing agricultural productivity.

Demographic Trends and Economic Constraints

To begin with, the essay analyzes how Pakistan’s population is expanding faster than its economic capacity, which leads to significant developmental constraints. Although population growth can sometimes contribute to economic vitality, in Pakistan’s case, it has created more challenges than opportunities. As a result, the inability to match economic expansion with population growth has led to instability – making it difficult to sustain progress. Furthermore, the widening gap between population growth and economic productivity exacerbates poverty and unemployment, thus deteriorating national stability.

Theoretical Perspectives on Population Growth

Stepping ahead, the essay explains various theoretical perspectives on the relationship between population growth and economic development. On the optimistic side, demographic transition theory suggests that as economies develop; birth rates decline, eventually stabilizing population growth. Likewise, technological development theory argues that innovation can offset the negative effects of rapid expansion by improving productivity. However, despite these optimistic views, the Malthusian and neo-Malthusian theories warn that unchecked population growth outstrips resource availability, which leads to economic downturns. Hence, the essay highlights the ecological disaster model – which emphasizes that overpopulation leads to environmental degradation -thereby worsening economic challenges and depleting essential natural resources.

Declining National Savings and Investment

Moving ahead, the essay discusses how a rising population reduces national savings as higher household consumption limits capital accumulation. Specifically, Pakistan’s domestic savings rate, currently at 6 per cent of GDP, is significantly lower than India’s (29%) and Bangladesh’s (25%). Subsequently, this disparity restricts investment in critical infrastructure and industrial growth. And without sufficient savings, the country struggles to finance long-term development projects, further slowing economic progress. Lastly, low savings lead to increased reliance on external borrowing, which increases national debt and weakens financial stability.

Increased Government Expenditures

Furthermore, the essay argues that a growing population demands higher government spending on social services, diverting resources from essential development projects. Despite a 327-fold increase in GDP, Pakistan lags behind its regional counterparts in human development indicators – particularly in education and healthcare. Next, increased expenditure strains fiscal resources, which makes it harder for the government to invest in long-term economic growth. Additionally, with limited infrastructure and industrial expansion funds, economic stagnation becomes inevitable. Finally, the disproportionate allocation of resources toward immediate social welfare rather than long-term development weakens economic sustainability.

Rising Import Bills and Inflation

Similarly, the essay highlights how rapid population growth has intensified Pakistan’s economic struggles by increasing import bills and inflationary pressures. As the demand for energy rises, Pakistan relies more on imported fuel, which widens the trade deficit and fuels inflation. And the State Bank of Pakistan has warned of a widening inflationary gap, emphasizing that energy demand has doubled over the past two decades. Adding more to it, the essay explains that rising inflation erodes purchasing power, which makes essential goods less affordable for the population. Therefore, the middle and lower-income classes suffer the most, which further deepens socioeconomic inequalities and economic instability.

In summary, the essay stresses that Pakistan’s high population growth rate presents significant economic challenges – reduced savings, increased government spending, inflationary pressures, and agricultural constraints. Undoubtedly, without effective population management strategies, the country would struggle with economic hurdles. Therefore, the essay suggests that Pakistan must invest in human capital; implement sustainable population policies; and introduce economic reforms to balance economic growth with demographic expansion.

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